Perbanyakan Tanaman Buah
– Dapat dilakukan secara masal karena biji tanaman buah biasanya tersedia banyak,
– Tanaman kokoh karena memiliki perakaran yang kuat (adanya akar utama),
– Jangka waktu berbuah panjang.
Perbanyakan tanaman lewat biji juga memiliki kekurangan antara lain:
– Sifat tanaman baru tidak sama persis dengan tanaman induk (tergantung pada induk jantan/serbuk sari yang membuahi bunga betina),
– Umur tanaman saat berbuah lebih lama (lambat berbuah).
Untuk mengatasi kekurangan pada perbanyakan tanaman lewat biji maka dilakukanlah perbanyakan vegetatif (tanpa perkawinan bunga), antara lain dengan stek, cangkok, grafting dan kultur jaringan.
Stek adalah pemisahan, pemotongan beberapa bagian dari tanaman seperti akar, batang, daun dan tunas dengan maksud agar bagian-bagian tersebut membentuk akar, selanjutnya menjadi tanaman baru. Contoh paling sering dijumpai adalah pada penanaman singkong.
Cangkok adalah mengupas kulit batang/cabang/ranting tanaman sampai bagian kambiumnya, lalu dibungkus dengan media tanam (tanah/moss) agar tumbuh akar. Jika sudah muncul akar yang kokoh, maka batang/cabang/ranting tersebut dipotong dan ditanam sebagai tanaman baru.
Grafting adalah menyambungkan batang bawah dan batang atas dari tanaman yang berbeda edemikian rupa sehingga tercapai persenyawaan, kombinasi ini akan terus tumbuh membentuk tanaman baru.
Kultur Jaringan adalah teknik perbanyakan tanaman dengan cara mengisolasi bagian tanaman seperti daun, mata tunas dan menumbuhkan bagian-bagian tersebut dalam media buatan secara aseptik yang kaya nutrisi dan zat pengatur tumbuh dalam wadah tertutup yang tembus cahaya sehingga bagian tanaman dapat memperbanyak diri dan tumbuh menjadi tanaman lengkap. Bayangkan kalau kita mau menanam pisang pada areal 1 hektar dengan jarak tanam 2 x 3 m, maka kita memerlukan bibit pisang sebanyak kurang lebih 1.500 bibit (anakan) dengan usia bibit yang hampir sama, maka diperlukanlah teknik kultur jaringan ini.
Kelebihan dari perbanyakan tanaman secara vegetatif tersebut adalah memiliki sifat yang sama persis dengan tanaman induknya dan umur tanaman saat berbuah lebih cepat (cepat berbuah).
Beberapa cara perbanyakan pada tanaman buah dapat dilihat disini.
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