Budidaya Pepaya
Catatan Ringan. Pepaya, kates atau kestela (Carica papaya) adalah tanaman buah berasal dari Mexico bagian Selatan, penyebarannya pertama kali dilakukan oleh orang-orang Spanyol. Pepaya cocok ditanam pada ketinggian tempat 0 – 1.000 m dari permukaan laut dengan tanah yang agak berat dan banyak mengandung humus, asalkan tidak tergenang air. Tanaman pepaya yang tergenang air selama 2 hari berturut-turut akan mengalami kematian. Tanaman pepaya di daerah rendah buahnya lebih manis dibanding daerah tinggi, karena di daerah rendah lebih banyak mendapat sinar matahari, sehingga proses fotosintesisnya lebih maksimal.
Tanaman buah ini sangat mudah ditanam baik di kebun atau di pekarangan, dan manfaatnya sangat banyak, antara lain :
– Akar pepaya dapat dijadikan obat penyakit ginjal, cacing kermi dan sakit sendi tulang.
– Batang pepaya bisa dijadikan makanan (saat jaman paceklik tahun 1903).
– Daun pepaya dapat dijadikan obat malaria, panas, kejang perut, cacing kermi, mulas, beri-beri, penambah nafsu makan anak atau dijadikan lalap.
– Bunga pepaya dapat dijadikan obat penyakit kuning dan penambah nafsu makan anak.
– Buah pepaya muda bisa dijadikan sayur atau rujak.
– Buah pepaya masak banyak dijadikan sebagai buah meja, banyak mengandung vitamin A dan C.
– Getah pepaya (papaine) digunakan sebagai pengempuk daging, menyamak kulit, pembersih sutera alam dan penjernih bir.
– Biji pepaya untuk obat masuk angin dan penyakit ccacingan.
Sebelum menanam pepaya, haruslah kita ketahui jenis dan sifat bunganya, agar dapat memperkirakan hasil yang akan diperoleh. Pepaya memiliki 4 macam bunga yaitu :
1. Bunga betina, dapat menghasilkan buah sepanjang tahun, buahnya berbentuk bulat atau bulat telur.
2. Bunga elongata, hanya menghasilkan buah pada musim hujan, buahnya berbentuk lonjong.
3. Bunga jantan (pepaya gantung), memiliki bunga yang sangat banyak, dan pada ujung tangkai bunganya terdapat satu bunga betina, sehingga buahnya memiliki tangkai yang panjang, biasanya buahnya kecil.
4. Bunga petandria, berbuah sepanjang tahun, pada musih hujan seperti bunga elongata dan pada musim kemarau berubah seperti bunga betina.
Penanaman
Semai biji pepaya di bedengan atau polybag dulu, setelah cukup besar bisa dipindah ke pekarangan atau kebun.
Tanamlah pada lokasi yang mendapat sinar matahari sepanjang hari. Buat lubang tanam berukuran 50 x50 x 50 cm, isi dengan campuran tanah bagian atas dan campur dengan pupuk kandang dengan perbandingan 2 : 1 atau 1 : 1.
Penanaman sebaiknya 4-5 bulan sebelum musim hujan, sehingga memasuki musim hujan tanaman sudah berbunga atau berbuah.
Sesudah penanaman sebaiknya diberi naungan sampai beberapa hari untuk melindungi dari teriknya matahari.
Pemeliharaan
Penyiraman dilakukan 2 kali sehari, pagi dan sore, terutama pada musim kemarau. Usahakan saluran pembuangan air (drainase) berfungsi dengan baik, karena pepaya sangat tidak tahan dengan air yang tergenang.
Penggemburan tanah hanya dilakukan apabila tanah disekitar batang sangat padat dan keras. Penggemburan dilakukan dengan hati-hati agar tidak merusak akar.
Hama (hewan pengganggu) tanaman dapat dikendalikan secara fisik saja, begitu juga dengan gulma (tumbuhan pengganggu), kecuali areal penanaman sangat luas bisa dilakukan secara kimiawi (dengan obat/racun kimia).
Mulsa (rumput kering penutup tanah) dapat diberikan terutama pada musim kemarau agar mengurangi penguapan air tanah disekitar tanaman dan mengurangi pertumbuhan gulma.
Pemupukan diberikan sebulan sekali, ditaburkan pada larikan (lubang memanjang) mengelilingi batang sejauh daun terluarnya atau tepat dibawah ujung daun.
Pada umur 1 bulan diberikan 20 gr urea, 20 gr TSP dan 20 gr KCl.
Pada umur 2 bulan diberikan 25 gr urea, 25 gr TSP dan 20 gr KCl.
Pada umur 3 bulan diberikan 30 gr urea, 25 gr TSP dan 20 gr KCl.
Pada umur 4 bulan diberikan 35 gr urea, 25 gr TSP dan 20 gr KCl.
Pada umur 5 bulan dan seterusnya diberikan 20 gr urea, 60 gr TSP dan 50 gr KCl.
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